Characteristics of Blood :

Amount:

Male - 5 to 6 liter

Female- 4 to 5 liter

Color :

Red color of blood is due to presence of oxygenated hemoglobin in it.

Viscosity :

• Viscosity of blood is 3.5 to 5.5.

• Blood is thicker and viscous than water.

• Higher the viscosity of blood, slow is the flow of blood.

Specific Gravity :

1.045 TO 1.065

PH OF BLOOD :

7.35 TO 7.45

Temperature :

38 degree Celsius

COMPONENT OF BLOOD :

Blood component is 8 % .

92% is body fluid.

BLOOD COMPONENT :

(1) PLASMA :

• It forms 55% volume of total blood .

• It is a straw colored, transparent fluid .

• Blood cells are found suspended in blood plasma.

(1)Water :

• 78% of Water is found inside the Blood Plasma.

• It is needed to maintain the state of Hydration.

• Water is a solvent for chemical reactions.

(2)Protein

(1)Albumin :

• It maintains the Oncotic pressure of blood.

• It promotes water retention in blood, which maintain the blood volume .

• Due to deficiency of Albumin protein in blood plasma, the fluid start leaking in interstitial space from the capillary bed, leading to Edema in body.

(2)Fibrinogen :

• Fibrinogen helps in fibrin formation, which leads to blood clotting. It is produced by liver.

(3) Globulin :

• It is also produced by liver and plasma cells.

• There are three types of Globulin protein.

• Alpha ,beta ,and gamma .

• Alpha and Beta globulin transport lipid and fat soluble vitamins.

• Gamma globulins are produced in lymphoid tissue.

• They help in providing immunity and prevent against polio, tetanus and measles.

(4)Other Solutes :

(1) Plasma Electrolytes :

• These are inorganic salt that get dissolved in water and separates into cation and anion.

Cation :

Cation are positively charged Electrolytes. For Example Sodium ,magnesium, calcium and potassium.

Anion :

• Anion are negatively charged electrolytes. For Example Chloride, phosphate, iodine etc.

Function of Electrolytes :

• Contraction of muscles.

• Act as a mineral.

• Transmission of nerve impulses.

(2) Nutrients :

(1)Glucose :

• It is the fuel source of energy in our body.

• Blood glucose level is 72 TO 100 Mg/DL.

(2)Amino Acids :

• They serve as building blocks for proteins synthesis.

(3)Lipids :

• Lipids are found in plasma in the form of fat, fatty acids, triglyceride, Phospholipid and Cholesterol.

• The help in formation of steroid hormone.

(3)Gases :

• Oxygen , carbon dioxide are transported in combination with hemoglobin in red blood cells in blood.

(4) Waste Product

• Waste products are the breakdown product of metabolism .

• These are Uric acid, urea, creatinine, bilirubin and ammonium salt.

(5)Enzymes :

• Enzymes are produced by body to catalyze chemical reaction.

• They regulate growth and development of body.

(2)BLOOD CELLS :

• It forms 45% volume of blood.

(1)Red Blood Cells :

• Red blood cells are also known as Erythrocytes.

• Red blood cells are circular non nucleated bio-concave disk.

• Diameter 7 MM.

• Thickness 2 MM.

• Lifespan of Red blood cell – 90 TO 120 Days.

Erythrocyte count:

• In male 5 to 5.5 million/mm3

• In females 4.5 to 5 million/mm3

Hemoglobulin :

• Cell membrane of Red blood cell is enclosed by protein structure called hemoglobin.

• Hemoglobin consists of 5% heme and 95% globulin.

• Iron plays important role in Hemoglobin, Iron is present inside the hemoglobin, It binds the oxygen molecules to its surface.

• One molecule of hemoglobin is bind with four molecule of oxygen.

• Red color of Erythrocytes is due to presence of oxy-hemoglobin present inside it.

Function of Red blood cell :

• Transport oxygen from lungs to body tissues.

• In return, hemoglobin protein present on RBC Surface carries Carbon dioxide, waste product of cellular activity and transport it to lungs.

• Maintain the acid base balance of blood by removing excess carbon dioxide from body cells and blood.

Blood is a Connective Tissue .

PRODUCTION OF RBC :

HEMOCYTOBLAST

↓

PROERYTHROBLAST

↓

EARLY ERYTHROBLAST

↓

INTERMEDIATE ERYTHROBLAST

↓

LATER ERYTHROBLAST

↓

RETICULOCYTE (Immature RBC)

↓

LEAVE BONE MARROW AND ENTER BLOODSTREAM

↓

MATURE RBC

• The process of formation of Erythrocyte is known as Erythropoiesis.

• RBC production occurs in Red bone marrow in long bones, such as Sternum, Humerus, Femur, Tibia and Fibula.

• Erythrocytes are formed from stem cells called hemocytoblast.

• They get divided into different forms of cells, Finally gets convert into mature Red blood cells , as shown in flowchart above .

• Amino acid, folic acid, vitamin B-6 heme protein and iron are required for the formation of Red blood cells.

DESTRUCTION OF RBC:

↓

AGING OF CELL

↓

PLASMA MEMBRANE BEGAN TO LEAK AND REPTURE

↓

RBC PASS TO SPLEEN AND LIVER

↓

RBC CELLULAR FRAGMENTS ARE ENGULFED BY PHAGO CYTIC CELLS CALLED MACROPHAGES

↓

BREAKS DOWN INTO 3 PORTON

↓ ↓ ↓

GLOBULIN IRON HEME PORTION

↓ ↓ ↓

NEW STORED AS BILLIVERDIN

PROTEIN FERRATIN BILLIRUBIN

FORMED IN RED TRANSPORTED AFTER BONE TO LIVER

DIGESTION MARROW STORED

IS CALLED IRON IS AS BILE

AMINO ACID AVAILABLE FOR

SYNTHESIS OF NEW RBC

(2)WHITE BLOOD CELL :

WBC are classified into two types.

(1)Granulocyte : These are of three types.

NEUTROPHILS

BASOPHILS

EOSINOPHILS

(2)Agranulocytes :These are of two types.

MONOCYTES

LYMPHOCYTE

Range of WBC : 4000 TO 11000/mm3 .

• LIFESPAN OF WBC : 15 TO 20 Days.

(1)GRANULOCYTE:

• These cells are called Granulocyte because large number of Granules are present in the cytoplasm of these white blood cells.

• They have multilobed nucleus.

  They are of three types.

(1)NEUTROPHILS (60 TO 70%):

• The nuclei of neutrophils are of two to six lobes.

• They contain Packet of iso -enzymes in the cytoplasm that ingest the foreign material and destroy them to protect the body against foreign invasion.

(2)BASOPHILS (0.5 TO 1%) :

• They are bilobed irregular shaped cells.

• Basophils contain, two substances inside them.

• Heparin - Which Prevent blood clotting.

• Histamine, which prevent against infection during allergic reaction.

(3)EOSINOPHILS (2 TO 4%) :

• These cells are called phagocytic cells.

• They have large shaped granules present in their cytoplasm.

• They contain certain protein, which breakdown fibrin and dissolve blood clot.

(2) AGRANULOCYTE :

(1) MONOCYTES :

• Monocytes are the largest blood cells.

• Monocytes are phagocytic cells.

• They are found in the form of macrophages.

• They are found In liver, lungs, thymus, gland and bone marrow.

(2) LYMPHOCYTES :

• Nucleus is small shaped.

• Lymphocytes are of two types.

(1)B LYMPHOCYTES :

• They found in bone marrow.

• They provide immunity against infection, producing antibody against specific antigen.

(2)T LYMPHOCYTES :

• Lymphocyte also provide Immunity against infection by directly attaching to the bacteria or foreign invasion

PRODUCTION OF WBC:

• White blood cell originate from stem cells in the bone marrow.

• The process of formation of WBC is known as leukopoiesis.

• This process occurs in lymphoid tissues, such as Spleen, Lymph Node and Tonsils.

(3) PLATELETS :

• These are the Flat shaped cells, plate like structure.

• Platelets are small, no nucleated disk of 3 to 5 mm in diameter.

• Range of platelets are 2,50,000 to 4,50,000/mm3.

• Lifespan of Platelets -7 TO 10 Days.

FUNCTION OF PLATELETS:

• Helps in blood clotting.

• Platelets release a chemical substance which help in repairing slightly damaged blood vessels.

There are 12 Blood clotting factors, which help in Blood clot.

(1)FIBRINOGEN

(2)PROTHROMBIN

(3)THROMBOPLASTIN

(4)CALCIUM

(5)LABILE FACTOR GLOBULIN

(7)STABLE FACTOR PROCONVERTIN

(8)ANTIHEMOPHILIC FACTOR A

(9)ANTIHEMOPHILIC FACTOR B

(10)STUART POWER FACTOR

(11)ANTIHEMOPHILIC FACTOR C

(12)HEGMAN FACTOR

(13)FIBRIN STABILISING FACTOR

THERE IS NO FACTOR 6

FUNCTION OF BLOOD :

• It transport oxygen from lungs to tissues and carbon dioxide from tissues to lungs.

• It transport hormones from endocrine system to target organs/tissues.

• It transport waste product of cellular metabolism, to excretory organ kidney.

• It regulates acid base balance through distribution of buffer system.

• It regulates body temperature by increasing and decreasing the blood flow to the skin.

• White Blood cell provide immunity and fight against infection.

• Clotting factors prevent blood loss from body.

BLOOD GROUP:

• There are four blood groups AВО.

• Blood types are named according to the Antigen's present on the RBC membrane.

• They are genetically determined and natural antibody are found in Plasma.

• Plasma never contains the same antibodies against the antigen present on its own RED BLOOD CELL membrane.

• In case if this happened antibody reacts with the antigen it will destroy the RBС.

THE ABO SYSTEM :

TYPE A BLOOD GROUP:

• Antigen A Is Present on Red Blood Cells.

• Antibody B is Present in Plasma.

• AS A DONOR COMPATIBLE WITH:BLOOD GROUP A AND AB

• INCOMPATIBLE WITH: BLOOD GROUP B AND O

• Because Both Makes Antibody A, That will React with Antigen A

• AS A RECIPIENT COMPATIBLE WITH:BLOOD GROUP A AND O

• INCOMPATIBLE WITH: BLOOD GROUP B AND AB.

• Because, it contain Antibody B That will React with Antigen B OF BLOOD GROUP B AND AB.

TYPE B BLOOD GROUP :

• Antigen B Is Present on Red Blood Cells.

• Antibody A Is Present in Plasma.

• AS A DONOR COMPATIBLE WITH: BLOOD GROUP В AND AB

• INCOMPATIBLE WITH :BLOOD GROUP A, and O

• Because, Both make Antibody B, That will React with Antigen В

• AS A RECIPIENT COMPATIBLE WITH : BLOOD GROUP B AND Ο

• INCOMPATIBLE WITH: BLOOD GROUP A AND AB

• Because Type B blood Group contain Antibody A That will React with Antigen A.

TYPE AB BLOOD GROUP :

• Antigen A and B, Both are Present on Red Blood Cells.

• Makes Neither A Nor Antibody B.

• AS A DONOR COMPATIBLE WITH : BLOOD GROUP AB ONLY.

• INCOMPATIBLE WITH: BLOOD GROUP A, B AND O

• Because All three make Antibodies that will react with Antigen.

• AS A RECIPIENT COMPATIBLE WITH : ALL GROUPS

• UNIVERSAL RECIPIENT Because AB Makes no Antibodies. Hence it will not react with any type of Donated Blood.

TYPE O BLOOD GROUP :

• Neither Antigen A Nor Antigen B

• Makes Both Antibodies

• Antibody A

• Antibody В

• AS A DONOR, COMPATIBLE WITH:

• All Groups, UNIVERSAL DONOR

• Because O Blood Group have No Antigen therefore, Not Stimulate Any Antibodies.

• AS A RECIPIENT, COMPATIBLE WITH :

• O Only

• Incompatible With:

• A,B AND AB Because O makes, Antibody A and Antibody B.

RHESUS FACTOR (RH) :

• RH Blood means that RH Antigen is present on the surface of RBC Membrane.

• About 80% People are RH Positive.

• RH Negative are the ones who have no RH Antigen, Present on the RBC Surface.

• By Giving RH Positive Blood to An RH Negative Person, this will stimulate an immune response with the production of Antibody which causes hemolysis of Transfused RBC.

• RH Positive Blood can Enter into the blood stream of an RH Negative Individual only to a Women during Pregnancy. this condition cause a danger for the Baby born to a RH Negative Mother and an Rh Positive Father.

• If the Baby is RH Positive, RH Factor on the RBC May Stimulate Mother to form Anti RH Antibody, when she later carries another RH Positive Baby, fetus may develop a disease Erythroblastosis fetalis.

• It is caused by mothers RH Antibody reacting with Babies RH Positive Blood Cells.